Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Oppositional defiant disorder
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention 1: Intervention group: Intervention Group 1 (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation – tDCS):Participants in this group received nine sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (
Sponsors
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
8 Years to 12 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist based on DSM-5 criteria Written informed consent from parents for child participation Ability to attend intervention sessions and complete the required tasks Absence of severe comorbid disorders such as autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability No regular use of psychiatric medications during the past three months
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Neurological disorders or epilepsy interfering with tDCS intervention Any medical contraindication for receiving transcranial direct current stimulation
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Response Inhibition:This variable assesses participants’ ability to inhibit impulsive responses and control behavioral reactions. It is evaluated using the computerized Stroop Color-Word Test. The main indicators are the number of correct responses, number of errors, and reaction time (in milliseconds). Decreased reaction time and error rate, along with increased accuracy, indicate improvement in response inhibition. Timepoint: Pre-test (before intervention) and Post-test (after completion of intervention sessions). Method of measurement: Response inhibition is measured using the computerized Stroop Color-Word Task. The stimuli consist of congruent and incongruent color-word pairs, and participants must identify the color of the word while ignoring its meaning. Reaction time (in milliseconds) and accuracy of responses are recorded as the main indicators.;Attention Bias to Threat:This variable measures participants’ tendency to allocate attention toward threatening stimuli. It is assessed using the Dot-Probe Task involving pairs of emotional (angry, fearful, disgusted) and neutral facial images. Reaction time to the location of the probe appearing after the image pair is recorded. Reduced reaction time to threatening stimuli indicates decreased attention bias to threat. Timepoint: Pre-test (before intervention) and Post-test (after completion of intervention sessions). Method of measurement: Attention bias to threat is measured using the Dot-Probe Task. Participants view pairs of emotional (threat-related) and neutral faces and respond to the location of a probe appearing immediately after. The difference in reaction times between threat and neutral stimuli is calculated as the index of attention bias. | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| The mean reaction time and accuracy rate of participants in the congruent and incongruent conditions of the Stroop task are measured separately. Reduced reaction time and increased accuracy in both conditions indicate improvement in cognitive processing and attentional control. Timepoint: Pre-test (before intervention) and Post-test (after completion of intervention sessions). Method of measurement: This variable is recorded using a computerized Stroop task software, calculating reaction time (in milliseconds) and response accuracy separately for congruent and incongruent conditions.;The severity of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms in participants is assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) or the ODD subscale. Lower post-test scores compared to pre-test scores indicate a reduction in oppositional and defiant behaviors. Timepoint: Pre-test and Post-test. Method of measurement: The measurement tool is the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) completed by parents. The ODD subscale score is used as the indicator of disorder severity.;Participants’ ability to regulate their emotions is assessed using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). Higher ERC scores indicate improved ability to manage and modulate emotional responses. Timepoint: Pre-test and Post-test. Method of measurement: The ERC questionnaire is completed by parents and includes subscales of emotion regulation and emotional lability. The total average score is calculated for analysis. | — |
Countries
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Contacts
Public ContactElnaz Nazer
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Outcome results
None listed