Schizophrenia
Conditions
Interventions
rTMS+VR combined group:repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation+Virtual reality
Control group:standard treatment
Sponsors
Xuzhou Oriental People's Hospital?
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1.Aged 18 to 60 years, meeting the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, with the diagnosis independently confirmed by a senior psychiatrist with the title of attending physician or above. 2.Having persistent negative symptoms: moderate or more severe negative symptoms (at least 3 items on the PANSS negative symptom subscale scored >= 4 points), with insignificant positive symptoms, depressive symptoms and extrapyramidal symptoms, and being in a clinically stable state for no less than 6 months. Having cognitive impairment, with the total B-CATS score 1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean at baseline assessment. 3.Maintaining stable types and dosages of antipsychotic medications for at least 4 weeks before enrollment, and no adjustment of the treatment regimen is required during the intervention and follow-up periods. 4.Having an education duration of no less than 9 years. 5.Being right-handed. 6.Having normal vision and hearing (or corrected to normal), and no language communication disorders. 7.The patients or their legal guardians voluntarily participate in this study and are capable of signing the written informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1.Severe or unstable medical or neurological conditions, or cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia) that may interfere with study participation or data integrity. 2.History of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (>= 5 sessions) within the past 6 months prior to enrollment. 3.Any established contraindications to rTMS, including a history of seizures, implanted electronic devices (e.g., cardiac pacemaker), or intracranial ferromagnetic metal implants. 4.Specific contraindications to VR training, including a history of photosensitive seizures, severe or active ophthalmic diseases, severe cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or severe motion sickness (cybersickness). 5.Current or past 6-month history of substance use disorders (excluding nicotine and caffeine) diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria. 6.Use of any psychoactive substances (excluding clinically prescribed medications) within 72 hours prior to study assessments. 7.Inability to comply with the study protocol or scheduled study visits. 8.Pregnancy or breastfeeding status at the time of enrollment.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Personal and Social Performance Scale;Brief Negative Symptom Scale;Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia;Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Public ContactWei Tian-Tian
Xuzhou Oriental People's Hospital?
Outcome results
None listed