None
Conditions
Interventions
Aerobic exercise control group:aerobic exercise
Blank control group:No additional intervention
maintenance of usual lifestyle
Breathing training group:Inspiratory muscle training
Sponsors
Wuhan Sports University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1.Adults aged 18–45 years. 2.Body weight change less than 5% within the past 3 months. 3.Sedentary behavior =8 hours per day, with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) <150 minutes per week. 4.No diagnosed cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, or psychiatric disorders. 5.No recent acute respiratory infection and no participation in structured respiratory muscle training or regular exercise programs. 6.Non-smokers or individuals who have quit smoking for at least 6 months. 7.Able to understand the study procedures, provide written informed consent, and comply with the training and assessment protocol.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1.History or presence of serious cardiopulmonary, neurological, or musculoskeletal diseases. 2.Current use or recent adjustment of medications that may affect respiratory function or cognitive performance. 3.Presence of clinically significant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorders. 4.Individuals who are unable to comply with the study protocol or complete the intervention and assessments during the study period.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 2-back task median reaction time (ms); | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| 2-back task discriminability index d-prime;0-back task median reaction time (ms);Trail Making Test Part A completion time (s);Trail Making Test Part B completion time (s);Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test immediate copy completion time (s);Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test delayed recall completion time (s);Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test delayed recall score (points);Stroop incongruent condition median reaction time (ms);Stroop congruent condition median reaction time (ms);Stroop reaction time interference effect (ms);Vital capacity (L);Forced vital capacity (L);Forced expiratory volume in one second (L);Forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity ratio (%);Maximal inspiratory pressure (cmH2O);Maximal expiratory pressure (cmH2O);Diaphragmatic excursion (cm);Diaphragmatic thickening fraction (%);Relative abundance of metabolites in untargeted plasma metabolomics;Task-evoked prefrontal cortical oxygenated hemoglobin beta value (µmol/L); | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Public ContactLiu Hua
Wuhan Sports University
Outcome results
None listed