None
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1.Age 18–75 years; 2.ASA Classification I–III; 3.Undergo elective laparoscopic surgery (such as gynecological or general surgical laparoscopy); 4.Apfel rating >=3 points; 5.Preoperative NRS pain score <=3 points; 6.Not using postoperative analgesic pumps (PCA);
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. BMI >= 30 kg/m^2; 2. Allergy to opioids or study medications; 3. History of chronic pain or long-term use of opioids; 4. Severe liver or kidney dysfunction; 5. Postoperative need for ICU transfer; 6. Severe respiratory disease or SpO2 < 90%; 7. Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Postoperative 24-hour pain score; | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Postoperative 24–48 h PONV incidence and grading;Postoperative Rescue Analgesia Incidence and Opioid Use;Adverse reactions: respiratory depression (SpO2 < 90%); dizziness, itching, drowsiness; other adverse events requiring clinical intervention; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
The second affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University school of medicine