common diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas,
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion Criteria for Retrospective Study: 1. Patients who visited general surgery/hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and were clearly diagnosed with diseases related to the hepatobiliary and pancreatic system. 2. Completion of hepatobiliary and pancreatic CT or MRI examination (images available). Inclusion Criteria for Prospective Study: 1. Age >= 18 years; 2. Surgical trainees with basic laparoscopic skills (able to perform basic needle handling, knot tying, etc.); 3. Voluntary participation in this study and signing of informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion Criteria for Retrospective Studies: 1. Incomplete imaging data or missing key sequences. 2. Severe artifacts, insufficient resolution, or other factors preventing reliable reconstruction. 3. De-identified information that does not meet data governance requirements. Exclusion Criteria for Prospective Studies: 1. Vulnerable groups outside of researchers and employees of the research institution, including individuals with mental illness, cognitive impairment, critically ill patients, pregnant women, etc. 2. Conditions that affect training or data quality (e.g., severe hand dysfunction, inability to tolerate immersive equipment/severe motion sickness, etc.). 3. Missing key research data or not meeting study requirements (e.g., failure to complete baseline or final assessments).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Overall surgical proficiency score; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University