Depression
Conditions
Interventions
Group 1:The Group1 first received individualized target real stimulation based on functional connectivity, followed by individualized target sham stimulation based on functional connectivity.
Group 2:The Group2 first received individualized target sham stimulation based on functional connectivity, followed by individualized target real stimulation based on functional connectivity.
Sponsors
Peking University Sixth Hospital
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
12 Years to 17 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1. Age 12–17 years (inclusive). 2. Meets DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) on the Chinese version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-C/DSM-5). 3. HAMD-24 total score >= 20 and MSM score >= 7 (moderate-to-severe treatment resistance). 4. No serious medical conditions (e.g., cardiac, hepatic, or renal insufficiency) or neurological disorders (e.g., stroke, neurodegenerative disease) and able to cooperate with iTBS. 5. No changes in dosage or type of primary antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs) or other psychotropic medications (e.g., aripiprazole, quetiapine) within the 2 weeks before enrollment; medications must remain stable throughout the study and follow-up, although short-term benzodiazepines may be prescribed as clinically indicated. 6. No physical treatments—including but not limited to electroconvulsive therapy, rTMS, or transcranial direct-current stimulation—within 1 month before enrollment.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1. Any psychiatric disorder other than generalized anxiety disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) according to K-SADS-PL-DSM (e.g., schizophrenia). 2. Current manic or hypomanic episode, with a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score > 5. 3. Serious or unstable medical conditions (e.g., epilepsy, cerebral contusion/laceration, intracranial surgery, malignant tumor, autoimmune disease, uncontrolled hypertension). 4. Metallic implants (e.g., aneurysm clips, deep-brain stimulation electrodes) or other implanted medical devices. 5. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. 6. Any factor judged by the investigator to interfere with study results or increase participant risk (e.g., poor compliance, high suicide risk).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score; | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Children's Depression Inventory score;Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation score;Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Questionnaire score;Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score;Cognitive assessment;Brain structure, function, and neural networks;EEG power and microstate parameters; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Public ContactQingjiu Cao
Peking University Sixth Hospital
Outcome results
None listed