Sports performance
Conditions
Interventions
Creatine supplementation group:Training Intervention
Week 1 (Anatomical adaptation, main exercise at 65% 1RM):
Session 1: Squat 65% 1RM, 3×10, 1.5 min rest
Bulgarian split squat 3×10, 1 min rest
Side plank 3×45 s, 1 min rest
Nordic hamstring curl 3×6, 1 min rest
Dead bug 3×20, 1 min rest.
Session 2: Continuous ankle hops 3×20, 1 min rest
Push-ups/knee push-ups 3×15, 1 min rest
Seated vertical jumps/box jumps 3×6, 1 min rest
Pull-ups 3×8, 1 min rest
Plank 3×60 s, 1 min rest.
Session 3: Same as Session 1.
Week 2 (Anatomical adaptation, main exercise at 70% 1RM):
Session 1: Squat 70% 1RM, 3×10, 1.5 min rest
Dead bug 3×20, 1 min rest.
Session 2: Same as Week 1 Session 2.
Session 3: Squat 70% 1RM, 2×10, 1.5 min rest
remaining exercises same as Session 1.
Week 3 (Submaximal strength, main exercise at 80% 1RM):
Session 1: Squat 80% 1RM, 3×5, 2.5 min rest
Reverse lunge 3×8/side, 2 min rest
Standing calf raise 3×10, 1.5 min rest
Seated leg curl (hamstrings) 3×10, 1 min rest
Clamshell 3×20/side, 1 min rest.
Session 2: Drop jump landing stability 3×8, 1 min rest
Push press 3×10, 1 min rest
Half-kneeling woodchop 3×10/side, 1 min rest
Sponsors
Beijing Sport University
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Male
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1.Chinese Han males aged 18–30 years:To ensure genetic homogeneity and minimize confounding influences of sex and ethnicity (e.g., differences in hormonal profiles and muscle fiber composition), only young Han Chinese men were recruited. 2.Self-reported healthy, without acute or chronic disease:Confirmed through health questionnaires and interviews to ensure participants could safely complete the training and supplementation interventions. 3.Some exercise experience but no history of long-term, systematic training and not professional athletes: Participants were required to have basic exercise experience to complete the training program smoothly, but individuals with >=5 years of professional training or a national athlete certification were excluded to avoid a potential "genetic–performance ceiling effect." 4.No use of creatine or other performance-enhancing supplements within the past 6 months:To avoid residual supplement effects that could confound study outcomes. 5.Non-smokers and no history of long-term or heavy alcohol consumption (>140 g alcohol/week in the past 6 months):Since smoking and alcohol intake may affect cardiovascular function, energy metabolism, and training adaptation, such individuals were excluded. 6.Voluntary participation with written informed consent:All participants provided written informed consent after fully understanding the study procedures, ensuring ethical compliance and voluntariness.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: 1.History of severe cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, or metabolic disorders:Such conditions may be exacerbated by training or supplementation and were excluded for safety reasons. 2.Acute or chronic musculoskeletal injury or neuromuscular disease:These may impair exercise testing and training performance, leading to inaccurate results. Confirmation was based on self-reported history and physical examination. 3.Neurological or cognitive disorders (e.g., epilepsy, psychiatric illness, severe anxiety/depression):These conditions may affect training adherence, data reliability, and participant safety. 4.Long-term systematic training >=5 years or possession of a certified athlete qualification:Professional athletes may already be close to their genetic–performance ceiling, and their adaptive responses may differ substantially from the general population. 5.Chronic use of medications affecting exercise or metabolism (e.g., glucocorticoids, ß-blockers, anabolic steroids):These could interfere with muscular adaptation or the effects of supplementation. 6.Allergy or intolerance to creatine or placebo (cornstarch/sugar alcohol):To avoid potential adverse reactions. 7.Current or recent history (past 6 months) of smoking or excessive alcohol consumption (>140 g alcohol/week):These lifestyle factors may markedly impair training adaptation and energy metabolism. 8.Participation in another interventional clinical trial recently or inability to comply with the training and supplementation protocol during the study:To avoid confounding effects of overlapping interventions. 9.Any other condition deemed unsuitable by the investigators:Including poor adherence, inability to attend scheduled training, high risk of exercise-related injury, or insufficient motivation.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Back Squat One Repetition Maximum;Countermovement Jump;Squat Jump;Drop Jump;20-m Sprint Time;Body Composition / Bone Mineral Density (DXA);Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull;Circumference Measurement;Exercise-related SNP Genotypes(ACTN3 rs1815739, ACE rs4646994, AMPD1 rs17602729, MCT1 rs1049434, SOD2 rs4880, HIF1A rs11549465, EPAS1 rs11689011, EPAS1 rs1867785, IL6 rs1800795, IL1RN rs380092, PPARA rs4253778, PPARG rs1801282, ADRB2 rs1042713, AGT rs699, NOS3 rs2070744, IGF1 rs35767, IGF1R rs1464430, CREM rs1531550, VDR rs2228570 (also known as rs10735810), MTHFR rs1801131, MTR rs1805087, MTRR rs1801394, UCP2 rs660339, GALNT13 rs10196189.);Energy intake;Sleep quality and efficiency; | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Anaerobic Power;Muscle Thickness; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Public ContactWang Mingrui
Beijing Sport University
Outcome results
None listed