Renal calculi
Conditions
Interventions
Sponsors
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Inclusion criteria are: 1. Adult patient (aged = 18 years old); 2. Solitary radio-opaque renal stones of size 5-20mm in maximal diameter as measured from plain radiography; 3. Clinically decided for primary ESWL
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria are: ?Stones associated with any renal or ureteric anatomical abnormality, such as caliceal diverticulum, horseshoe kidney, ureteropelvic junction obstruction etc; ?Patients with ureteric stent or nephrostomy tube inserted; ?Patients with known history of cystine stone; ?Patients with multiple stones in the same calix; ?Patient with history of allergy or any abnormal reaction alfentanil.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Successful treatment ?Defined as either stone free or presence of clinically insignificant residual fragments (less than 4mm) at 12 weeks after one session of lithotripsy. ?This will be assessed by plain radiography and non-contrast computerized tomogram; | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| ?Degree of renal injury o The changes in the urine level (compared to pre-SWL level) of NAG, HA, NGAL and IL-18 of the two groups (different shockwave delivery rates) will be assessed;?Response of patients to the treatment o The following factors will be assessed and then compared between the two groups Maximal Pain score;- Pain intensity verbal rating scale tool [8] will be used to assess the severity of pain at every 1000 shocks and at the end of treatment Analgesics consumption;- the amount of additional usage of analgesics delivered by PCA will be recorded at the end of treatment.; | — |
Countries
China