Voice disease
Conditions
Interventions
Smokers:smoke
Nonsmokers:Non-smoke
Sponsors
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
Male
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Male, Smokers were defined as subjects who smoked at least five cigarettes everyday for at least five consecutive years before the study. Nonsmokers were operationally defined as subjects who had never smoked.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria included: excessive use of voice, overexposure to noise, alcohol addiction, symptoms consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), symptoms of a cold within the previous two weeks and chronic rhinitis or post-nasal drip.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Voice;Aerodynamic; | — |
Countries
China
Contacts
Public ContactWei Chunsheng
EENT Hospital of Fudan University
Outcome results
None listed