None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention1: Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise: Participants will perform diaphragmatic breathing exercises in sitting position with relaxed shoulders and neutral spine. One hand will be placed on th
Sponsors
PIYUSH BADRI
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Chronic smokers with a smoking history of more than or equal to 2 years Age group of 18 to 30 years Both males and females Individuals willing to participate and give informed consent Apparently healthy individuals without diagnosed cardiopulmonary disease
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: Diagnosed copd, asthma, or other chronic respiratory disorders Known cardiovascular diseases (like ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias) Recent thoracic or abdominal surgery Musculoskeletal or neurological conditions affecting breathing Individuals currently enrolled in any structured breathing or exercise program
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary function parameters - forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second Cardiac parameters- resting heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiopulmonary endurance using 6 minute walk testTimepoint: Baseline (Week 0) before intervention Post-Intervention- after completion of 4-week exercise program | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| NILTimepoint: NIL | — |
Countries
India
Contacts
Public ContactDr. Ambreen Fatima
Galgotias university
Outcome results
None listed