None listed
Conditions
Interventions
Intervention1: Nil: Nil
Intervention2: Nil: Nil
Intervention3: Nil: Nil
Intervention4: High Total Dissolved Solids Drinking Water greater than or equal to 500 ppm: Individuals consuming household drin
Sponsors
Galgotias University
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Adults aged 25 to 50 years Individuals consuming the same primary household drinking water source for at least 6 months Participants willing to provide a household drinking water sample for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) measurement Individuals whose drinking water TDS falls into the study categories: Low-TDS (less than 300 ppm) or High-TDS (greater than 500 ppm) Participants able to undergo ocular surface evaluation including Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT), Schirmer s I test, and corneal and conjunctival staining and complete the OSDI questionnaire Individuals with no active ocular infection or ocular allergy at the time of enrolment Participants willing and able to provide written informed consent and comply with study procedures
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria: History of ocular surgery or ocular trauma within the past 6 months Presence of active ocular infection, inflammation, or significant ocular allergy at the time of screening (e.g., conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis) Presence of ocular surface diseases other than dry eye that may affect tear film assessment (e.g., pterygium involving the cornea, severe blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction) Current use of topical ocular medications (including lubricants, steroids, antibiotics, or anti-glaucoma medications) within the past 4 weeks Contact lens users currently or within the past 1 month History of systemic autoimmune diseases affecting tear production such as Sj gren s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or other autoimmune disorders Individuals taking systemic medications known to affect tear secretion (e.g., antihistamines, antidepressants, anticholinergics, isotretinoin, or long-term diuretics) Uncontrolled systemic diseases that may influence tear film physiology (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes mellitus) History of radiotherapy or chemotherapy Pregnant or lactating women Individuals with inconsistent drinking water sources or frequent change of drinking water source within the past 6 to 12 months Participants unwilling or unable to provide a drinking water sample or written informed consent, or unable to cooperate with ocular surface tests (TBUT, Schirmer s I, OSDI)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT) measured using fluorescein dye under slit-lamp biomicroscopy to assess tear film stability in participants consuming low-TDS and high-TDS drinking water.Timepoint: Baseline (single visit assessment)(at the time of ocular examination) | — |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Score Assessment of dry eye symptoms using validated OSDI questionnaire.Timepoint: Baseline (single visit assessment)(at the time of ocular examination);Schirmer s Test I Measurement of aqueous tear production using Schirmer strips (mm wetting in 5 minutes).Timepoint: Baseline (single visit assessment)(at the time of ocular examination);Corneal and Conjunctival Fluorescein Staining Score Evaluation of ocular surface epithelial damage using fluorescein staining grading.Timepoint: Baseline (single visit assessment)(at the time of ocular examination);Household Drinking Water TDS Level Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) in participants household drinking water samples.Timepoint: Baseline (single visit assessment)(at the time of ocular examination) | — |
Countries
India
Contacts
Public ContactDr Partha Chowdhury
Galgotias University
Outcome results
None listed