Evaluation of the effect of intravenous lidocaine on the systemic inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing elective valvular and coronary cardiac surgery: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Patients undergoing elective cardiac valve surgery and/or coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, at risk of systemic inflammatory response and related postoperative complications.

Levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in arterial blood at 6 hours postoperatively, measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using the laboratory’s validated platform according to its protocols.

Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), high-sensitivity Troponin T (TnT), and TNF-α in arterial blood at predefined time points: pre-anaesthesia, at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, end of surgery, and 6 and 24 hours postoperatively. CRP will be measured by immunoturbidimetric assay, and TnT and TNF-α by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using the laboratory’s validated platforms and standard protocols., Postoperative complications associated with systemic inflammatory response: Includes: Acute Kidney Injury, Infection/Sepsis, Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Haemorrhage requiring transfusion, Vasoplegia, Respiratory Dysfunction, and Neurological Dysfunction. Detailed definitions are provided in the study protocol., ICU Length of Stay: Total duration of the patient’s admission in the Intensive Care Unit, expressed in days, from admission to ICU discharge., One-Month Postoperative Mortality: Denotes whether the patient succumbed to any cause within the first 30 days following the date of surgery., Post-Aortic Declamping Ventricular Fibrillation and Need for Defibrillation: Indicates the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation at the moment of aortic declamping and whether this arrhythmia required electrical defibrillation to restore sinus rhythm., Postoperative Pain: Assessed using two indicators: Number of analgesic rescues: Total additional doses of analgesics required beyond the scheduled regimen during the first 48 postoperative hours. Total opioid dose administered: Cumulative opioid dose in the first 48 hours postoperatively, expressed in milligrams of intravenous morphine equivalents.

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