Advancing Ultrasound Imaging of the Heart using Computer Models in Adults

Patients undergoing clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiography will be studied prospectively. The data collected for the study will consist of copies of the all echocardiographic images and measurements acquired routine clinical care. These may include two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and Doppler (pulsed-wave, continuous-wave and colour Doppler) imaging acquired from standard parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal views. Routine echocardiographic measurements will be made according to standard clinical echocardiography recommendations. The echocardiographic image acquisition is the same as that undertaken as part of routine clinical care; no additional images or measurements are acquired from the participant solely for research purposes. No study-mandated examinations are required. Any further echocardiographic examinations undertaken during follow-up will occur only as part of routine clinical care. Therefore, the number and timing of echocardiograms will vary between participants according to their clinical needs. For participants who provide informed consent, copies of echocardiographic data will be collected from the six months before consent and for two years after consent. Clinical information relevant to cardiovascular health, including medications, electrocardiograms, blood test results, and other cardiac imaging where available, will also be collected from routinely generated health databases. These data will be collected over the same study period. There are no fixed study-specific clinical data collection visits or intervals; the frequency of available clinical information will depend on the participant's routine clinical care. Echocardiographic data will be analysed for research purposes only using artificial intelligence and three-dimensional biophysical modelling techniques and compared with conventional echocardiographic measurements to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic performance. Subsequent research results will not be used to guide or modify clinical decisions, treatment, or other aspects of patient care. No study-specific therapeutic intervention is administered.