Role of Exercise Therapy on Cardiac Function and Enzymes among Pakistani Patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).

Mode of administration Exercise therapy will be delivered face-to-face in a hospital-based setting as part of Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation. Sessions will be conducted one-on-one or in small supervised groups (3–5 participants) under the supervision of trained physical therapists at NICVD and Tabba Heart Hospital, Karachi. Duration of sessions Each session will last approximately 40–50 minutes, including: • Warm-up: 5–10 minutes • Aerobic exercise: 20–30 minutes • Cool-down: 5–10 minutes Bruce Protocol Exercise Grading Scale Aerobic exercise intensity and progression will be guided by the Bruce Protocol Exercise Grading Scale using treadmill walking, stationary cycling, or recumbent cycling. Exercise intensity will progress gradually based on individual tolerance, heart rate response, blood pressure, and perceived exertion. Adherence monitoring Adherence will be monitored using session attendance logs, exercise completion checklists, and physiological monitoring (heart rate and blood pressure) recorded by the supervising physical therapist. Clarification of “3 sessions per week for 6–8 weeks” Participants will attend three supervised sessions per week on non-consecutive days. The planned intervention duration is 6 weeks, extendable to a maximum of 8 weeks if clinically required. Session duration (40–50 minutes) will be individualized based on functional capacity, hemodynamic response, and clinical tolerance