None listed
Conditions
Brief summary
Reducing blood cholesterol is one of the key strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk (CVD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While the evidence for the cholesterol lowering effects of ß-glucan from oats and barley are well established, there is less evidence for ß-glucan from other dietary sources such as fungi, yeast and algae. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of consuming 200 g/day of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) (raw weight) on serum LDL-cholesterol in adults with mild hypercholesterolaemia compared to 200 g/day non-starchy vegetables over four weeks.
Interventions
Mushroom intervention: 200 g of Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms (raw weight) per day replacing 200 g of usual vegetable intake for 4 weeks.
Foods and supplements high in beta-glucan or other substances that may affect cholesterol levels will be excluded from the diet and replaced with suitable alternatives (e.g. oats at breakfast could be replaced with cereal flakes or pearl barley could be replaced by brown rice).
At the beginning of the mushroom intervention phase during a ~25 min in
Mushroom intervention: 200 g of Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms (raw weight) per day replacing 200 g of usual vegetable intake for 4 weeks. Foods and supplements high in beta-glucan or other substances that may affect cholesterol levels will be excluded from the diet and replaced with suitable alternatives (e.g. oats at breakfast could be replaced with cereal flakes or pearl barley could be replaced by brown rice). At the beginning of the mushroom intervention phase during a ~25 min in-person consultation with a research dietitian/nutritionist, either at the baseline or visit 3, the participant will be provided with tailored advice (based on their usual diet) about how to include the mushrooms into their usual diet. Participants will also be provided with an instruction manual including information about the study design, the diet protocol, purchasing of mushrooms, monitoring of compliance, foods to avoid and alternatives, cooking ideas, recipes and frequently asked questions. Participants will be provided with a voucher to purchase mushrooms weekly from a local supermarket chain (Coles Supermarket, that have stores spread out across Adelaide). The instruction manual will include clear instructions of where and the type of mushrooms to purchase. Note, mushrooms sold at all Coles stores in Adelaide are supplied by one mushroom producer. To assess compliance, participants will complete a daily log about their consumption of mushrooms and excluded foods. The information will also be logged via a weekly online survey. A cross-over study design will be followed. Washout period in-between interventions will be two weeks.
Sponsors
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
Study design
Allocation
Randomised controlled trial
Intervention model
Crossover
Primary purpose
Treatment
Masking
Blinded (masking used) (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Willing and able to provide written Informed Consent 2. Access to a personal email inbox 3. Male or Female individuals 4. Aged > or equal to 18 & <66 years of age at clinic screening 5. BMI > or equal to 18.5 kg/m2 and <35 kg/m2 at time of clinic screening 6. Low cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score in individuals aged > or equal to 45 years of <5% estimated 5-year CVD risk determined using the Australian CVD risk calculator (cvdcheck.org.au) 7. Fasting LDL-cholesterol > or equal to 3.0 mmol/L and < or equal to 5 mmol/L confirmed at clinic screening (plasma) 8. Have access to a Coles supermarket 9. Ability to refrigerate mushrooms/vegetables and have the facilities to prepare and cook them
Exclusion criteria
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Use of and not prepared to abstain from marine and algae derived omega-3 supplements at high dose (>900 mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) / eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) or marine and algae derived omega 3 fortified foods that may, in the opinion of the PI or designee, affect lipid concentrations, within the 84 days of Day 0 2. Use of lipid lowering medications (e.g. statins, metformin, fibrates, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, nicotinic acid) or lipid raising medications (eg. Beta blockers, steroids, amiodarone, diuretics) within 28 days of Day 0. 3. Use of and not prepared to abstain from supplements, or foods containing ß-glucan (oats, barley, rye, nutritional yeast, mushrooms other than study mushrooms) or other substances (e.g. psyllium, plant sterol fortified foods and supplements, curcumin, turmeric) that may, in the opinion of the PI or designee, affect lipid concentrations within 14 days of Day 0 4. Previous diagnosis of chronic disease such as CVD, diabetes (Type I, Type II, and/or Gestational Diabetes), cancer, familial hypercholesterolaemia, kidney disease, liver disease 5. Smoking (i.e., history of smoking within the last six months) 6. Serum triglycerides >4.5mmol/L (LDL-cholesterol concentrations are unreliable in the presence of high triglyceride levels) confirmed at clinic screening (using capillary plasma) 7. Hypertension (blood pressure > or equal to 140/90mmHg) 8. Suspected aversion and/or intolerance to mushrooms 9. Unwilling or unable to maintain usual levels of physical activity or dietary intake for the duration of the study 10. Currently pregnant and/or nursing (lactating), self-reported by the applicant 11. Currently hospitalised or any planned hospitalisations during the study that may affect the applicant’s ability to comply with the study in the opinion of the PI or designee 12. Received an investigational drug within 90 days of Day 0, that in the opinion of the PI or designee may affect the outcome of the study 13. Unable to comply, experience distress with study procedures, or has a medical condition and/or receiving medical treatments (including medications) that in the opinion of the PI or designee, may affect the outcome of the study 14. Travel which may interfere with complying to the study diet guidelines
Outcome results
None listed