Acute Food Intake and Dual X-ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Evaluation

Subjects will be provided liquid food and water before being measured by a DXA body composition device. - 500 ml liquid food and 1500 ml water to be consumed within the 1 hour and they were told not to urinate during this period -The frequency/duration of the intervention: Once/3 hours -The mode of administration: One-on-one face-to-face -Participants will be provided with a standard liquid food (Ensure Plus, Abbott Nutrition, UK) containing a total of 750 kcal (protein 15%, carbohydrate 57%, fat 28%), sodium (120 mg/100 mL), and potassium (200 mg/100 mL). The liquid food's osmolality and renal solute load were 680 mOsm/kg H2O and 430 mOsm/L, respectively. They will also be provided with 1500ml tap water. -Research staff and participants will stay in the same room during the 1-hour liquid food and 1500ml water consumption stage and liquid food and water bottles will be checked upon completion to confirm their full emptiness. -Participants’ position on the DXA table was adjusted strictly according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and manufacturer guidelines (Lunar GH, 2017): head straight, body in a supine position, and centered the table, a small amount of space remained between the arms and torso, hands on sides, and feet together. In detail, the subject’s hands are turned on sides with thumbs up, palms facing legs, and arms are alongside the subject’s body. Hands were contactless to legs and given a small air gap (~1 cm) between the arms and torso. It will be confirmed that the subject’s arms, legs, and trunk are within the scan area lines on the table pad. It was also secured that the subject’s head is approximately 3 cm below the horizontal line on the table pad. Following this, the Velcro straps are used to tighten the subject’s knees and feet to prevent movement during the entire period of the scan. All the potential attenuating materials (belts, metal buttons, etc.) are removed from the subject’s body and the measurement region. Lunar GH (2017) enCORE-based x-ray Bone Densitometer: User Manual. Madison (WI): GE Healthcare; 2013. The technical staff (Biologist and Exercise Physiologist) is responsible for using the DXA machine for whole-body scans. -The duration of the DXA measures: On average 5-10 min (depending on body sizes of participants) 1 hour after consumption of water and liquid food.