None listed
Conditions
Brief summary
Background: Obesity is considered to be at epidemic proportions yet data is limited for the mechanisms of breastfeeding that reduce risk of obesity later in life. In particular the influence of breastmilk components on gastric emptying rate, appetite control and body composition in term infants is largely poorly understood. Furthermore an accurate non-invasive methodology to measure infant body composition is required to identify infants at risk of obesity. Aims: This study aims to investigate the relationship between infant gastric emptying rate and the composition of the consumed breastmilk, with the focus on milk proteins (whey and casein fractions), appetite hormones such as leptin and adiponectin and POPs. Further associations between breastmilk components and infant body composition will be investigated with the accent on longitudinal study. New methods of measuring infant body composition (ultrasound skinfolds) will be developed. Objectives: 1. To establish possible longitudinal associations between breastmilk macronutrients and components and both infant and maternal body composition. 2. To investigate and describe gastric emptying of term fully breastfed infants feeding on demand and establish possible associations with breastmilk composition. 3. To establish effect of milk intake and extracellular fluid reservoirs on bioimpedance in term breastfed infants I order to evaluate the possibility to use pre- and post-breastfeed measurements interchangeably. 4. To determine body composition (percent fat mass, %) of breastfed infants using bioimpedance spectroscopy and ultrasound skinfolds and to compare performance of these two methods in term breastfed infants. 5. To determine pesticide residues concentration in human milk during the first year of lactation and establish possible associations between pesticide residues in breastmilk and demographic factors of breastfeeding dyads.
Interventions
1. Body composition is measured during first 12 months of lactation at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age (infant - with ultrasound skinfolds and bioimpedance; mother - with bioimpedance only). Infant and mother anthropometrics are measured.
2. Breastmilk macronutrients and components are measured at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of lactation.
3. Gastric emptying (stomach volumes) of term fully breastfed infants feeding on demand is measured at 2 and 5 months of age together with breastmilk components.
4.
1. Body composition is measured during first 12 months of lactation at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age (infant - with ultrasound skinfolds and bioimpedance; mother - with bioimpedance only). Infant and mother anthropometrics are measured. 2. Breastmilk macronutrients and components are measured at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of lactation. 3. Gastric emptying (stomach volumes) of term fully breastfed infants feeding on demand is measured at 2 and 5 months of age together with breastmilk components. 4. Infant bladder is and stomach are measured in conjunction with bioimpedance at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. 5. Levels of pesticide residues in human milk during the first year of lactation is measured. All measurements are conducted at 2 or 5 months of age, infants followed up to 12 months of age with measurements at 5, 9 and/or 12 months of age. No further follow up.
Sponsors
A/Prof Donna T. Geddes
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
2 Months to 12 Months
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were: singletons, gestational age greater than or equal to 37 weeks, fully breastfed at 2 and 5 months and breastfed at the time of the study.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria were: infant health issues that could potentially influence growth and development, and low maternal milk supply.
Outcome results
None listed