None listed
Conditions
Brief summary
Background & Aim There is a controversy on whether listening to music prior or during colonoscopy reduces anxiety, pain and improves satisfaction and compliance with the procedure. In particular, music has been found to reduce anxiety around colonoscopy in a number of studies. However, these studies only used first time colonoscopy patients, self-selected music for 15 minutes prior to the procedure and were focusing on pre-procedural anxiety. Further, only one previous study used theory to design a specific music track. However, the music used there was Turkish classical music and thus studies with Western populations and music known to them are needed to avoid possible cultural bias. Future studies should explore theory based interventions since the majority of current studies (i.e. using self-selected music) did not explain why this method was chosen, did not record the frequency of each genre of music selected or did not consider it in their analysis and controversies in findings may be due to particular designs rather than theory versus self-selected music. In addition, one previous study found that providing self-selected music via headphones during the procedure significantly reduced the self-reported pain. However, other studies in which background music or self-selected music via headphones was used during the procedure showed no significant differences in pain between the conditions. Further, several previous studies have shown that music (both self-selected and investigator selected) may reduce the sedation required during colonoscopy. Music has also been shown to increase the patient satisfaction of colonoscopy. Thus, this study aimed to establish whether specifically designed music significantly affects anxiety, pain and experience associated with colonoscopy. Methods This semi-randomized controlled study selected music, using theory, for the purpose of relaxation. Thirty-four day patients undergoing a colonoscopy were provided with either muted headphones (n=17) or headphones playing the investigator-selected music (n=17) for 10 minutes prior to and during colonoscopy. Anxiety, pain, sedation dose and overall experience were measured using quantitative measures and scales. Results Participants’ state anxiety decreased over time (p<0.001). However, music did not significantly reduce anxiety (p=0.441), pain scores (p=0.313) or midazolam (p=0.327) or fentanyl doses (p=0.295). Despite these findings, 100% of the music group indicated that they would want music if they were to repeat the procedure, as compared to only 50% of those in the non-music group wanting to wear muted headphones. The majority would not want to pick their own music. Conclusions Although no significant effects of music on pain, anxiety and sedation were found, a clear preference for music was expressed, therefore warranting further research on this subject. Larger studies are needed and data on the most appropriate music for colonoscopy should also be obtained as all music may not be equally efficacious.
Interventions
Before the colonoscopy, patients were asked to fill out a short questionnaire of demographic information and about their anxiety prior to the procedure. Headphones were then be put on and the patient were able to adjust the volume. The patients were asked to concentrate on their breathing. The music was an hour or so of classical music chosen by one of the investigators with relevant qualifications in music and made as a loop so it would not stop during the procedure. The procedure itself can ta
Before the colonoscopy, patients were asked to fill out a short questionnaire of demographic information and about their anxiety prior to the procedure. Headphones were then be put on and the patient were able to adjust the volume. The patients were asked to concentrate on their breathing. The music was an hour or so of classical music chosen by one of the investigators with relevant qualifications in music and made as a loop so it would not stop during the procedure. The procedure itself can take anywhere between 20 and 45 minutes, depending on what is found, and recovery time is around two hours to ensure the sedation has worn off. The headphones remained on during the procedure and were removed upon completion of the procedure when patients were moved to the recovery suite. The music was selected with the following in mind: 1. Tempo of music is more important than its genre. For music to be relaxing, its tempo should be lower than the heart beat (average 72 bpm). Relaxing function of music is achieved through slowing and deepening breathing, lowering blood pressure and muscle loosening (Bernardi, Porta & Sleight, 2006) 2. Music that is known to the listener is more relaxing and that’s why baroque music which is present in the media and widely known to general public was selected (Labbe, Schmidt, Babin & Pharr, 2007) 3. For music to be relaxing, it needs to be slow with breaks between musical notes and cannot be too loud, without sudden changes with regular pulsation (Reinhardt, 1999)
Sponsors
Antonina Mikocka-Walus
Study design
Allocation
Randomised controlled trial
Intervention model
Parallel
Primary purpose
Prevention
Masking
Blinded (masking used)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
To be considered eligible for the study the patients had to: 1. Be undergoing a colonoscopy on the given day 2. Be at least 18 years of age 3. Have sufficient knowledge of English to understand and answer questions in a written format.
Exclusion criteria
To be considered ineligible for the study the patients had to: 1. Be suffering from a cognitive impairment (due to the nature of the questionnaire, a cognitive impairment would make the participant unable to understand and answer the questions accurately) 2. Be suffering from a hearing impairment that would affect their ability to listen to music via headphones.
Outcome results
None listed