None listed
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the acute effects of dietary flavonoids from apples and dietary nitrates from spinach on nitric oxide status, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive function in healthy men and women.
Interventions
A randomised, controlled, cross-over (Latin square) designed trial will be performed to investigate the acute effects of apples (rich in flavonoids) and green leafy vegetables such as spinach(rich in nitrate) on nitric oxide status, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive function.
Each participant will complete 4 visits (one treatment at each visit) one week apart in random order. The 4 treatments are:
1. Apple puree containing the apple skin (high flavonoid [~100 mg]) + spinach (
A randomised, controlled, cross-over (Latin square) designed trial will be performed to investigate the acute effects of apples (rich in flavonoids) and green leafy vegetables such as spinach(rich in nitrate) on nitric oxide status, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive function. Each participant will complete 4 visits (one treatment at each visit) one week apart in random order. The 4 treatments are: 1. Apple puree containing the apple skin (high flavonoid [~100 mg]) + spinach (high nitrate [~200 mg]) 2. Apple puree containing the apple skin (high flavonoid [~100 mg]) + no spinach (low nitrate [0 mg]) 3. Apple puree without the apple skin (low flavonoid [< 5 mg]) + spinach (high nitrate [~200 mg]) 4. Apple puree without the apple skin (low flavonoid [< 5 mg]) + no spinach (low nitrate [0 mg]) Prior to each visit participants will be asked to consume a standard low flavonoid, low nitrate meal for breakfast. With each breakfast the participants will consume either: 1. Apple puree with apple skins (for treatments 1 and 2 above); or 2. Apple puree without apple skins (for treatments 3 and 4 above). Participants will then attend the School of Medicine and Pharmacology Research Unit at Royal Perth Hospital where they will be provided with lunch consisting of a low flavonoid, low nitrate sandwich with one of the treatments. The total energy intake at each lunch will be the same: energy from the salad will be matched with rice milk (for treatments 2 and 4 only).
Sponsors
University of Western Australia
Study design
Allocation
Randomised controlled trial
Intervention model
Crossover
Primary purpose
Prevention
Masking
Blinded (masking used)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
All
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Men and women aged 18 to 65 years
Exclusion criteria
1. Current or recent (<12 months) smoking 2. Body mass index < 18 or > 35 kg/m2 3. History of cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease 4. A systolic blood pressure below 100 or above 160 mmHg 5. A diastolic blood pressure below 50 or above 100 mmHg 6. diagnosed diabetes, and non-diabetic individuals with fasting plasma glucose concentrations greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L 7. A psychiatric illness 8. other major illnesses such as cancer 9. Current or recent (within previous 6 months) significant weight loss or gain (> 6% of body weight) 10. Reported lactating, pregnant or wishing to become pregnant during the study 11. Alcohol intake > 210 g per wk for women and > 280 g per wk for men 12. Inability or unwillingness to consume foods/beverages provided 13. Deformities of fingers 14. Unwillingness to have short nails on testing days 15. Unwillingness to stop the use of supplements with nitrates or bioflavonoids during the testing period 16. Not willing to give up the use of mouth wash from one week prior to the testing period to the end of the testing period
Outcome results
None listed